different types of gags

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Pin on A ball for gagGagThis article has multiple problems. Please help or discuss these issues about . () This article needs additional appointments for . Please help. Unsolicited material can be challenged and disposed of. Search for sources: – · · · (January 2014) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia. . It may contain suggestions. (December 2020) This article may lend to certain ideas, incidents or disputes. Please rewrite it in a context that contextualizes different views. (December 2020) () () This article has multiple problems. This article needs additional appointments for . Please help. Unsolicited material can be challenged and disposed of. Finding sources: – · · · (January 2014) () you need additional quotations for ···This article may need to be rewritten to meet Wikipedia. . It may contain suggestions. (December 2020)rewritten This article may lend to certain ideas, incidents or disputes. Please rewrite it in a context that contextualizes different views. (December 2020) () selend to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies A bite is usually an element or device designed to prevent, often as a restraining device to prevent the subject from calling to ask for help and keep your user quiet. This is usually done by blocking , partial or completely, or trying to prevent , , or moving in normal speech patterns. The more "effective" it seems to be a bit, the more dangerous being it is a fairly effective method of keeping a person's mouth shut but it can be dangerous if the subject cannot breathe freely through the nose (e.g. if they have the ). For this reason, a betting person should never stay alone. gag The use of the bites is commonly described in and , particularly in and . It is also often used in movies, like and their sequel. The courts have been known to some people for biting. An important example of civil rights activist is that practice has been criticized as inhumane. Occasionally, a rag of the mouth and nose is used to not prevent speech but to keep the dust and out of the lungs. This was done more often in the early days in . ContentsTypes of gags[]A type of family gag in fiction, especially in crime and, it is a piece of appropriate sized fabric lying on the subject's mouth and tied at the back of his head. Sometimes it is called "the detective gag" because many of its first appearances were in series of crimes. Sometimes a gag is pushed back between the victim's front teeth in the mouth, or with a hard ball in its center or reinforced by pushing small fabric elements into the mouth. This is common, but in practice this kind of gag can be undone by working the jaws around and/or pushing with the tongue, and often do not stop the victim from making a strong inarticulated noise to ask for help. Adhesive tapes are often used for improvised bites. A tape bite can cause the skin on the lips to be damaged in its removal or adhesive can cause burns or chemical reactions. Other uses of the word []The word "gag" has come to have several widespread meanings, for example: In symbolism[]See also[]References[] Navigation menu Personal tools Named spaces Variants Views More Search Navigation Contributed Tools Printing/exporting Other projects Languages

Glycosaminoglycan This article can be too technical for most readers to understand. Please, without removing the technical details. (July 2015) () may be too technical for most readers to understandGlucosaminoglycans (GAG) or mucopolysaccharides are long linears consisting of repetition units (i.e., two sugar units). The unit of two Sugar that repeats consists of one and one, with the exception of , where in the place of uronic sugar that has . Because the GAG are highly polar and attract water, they are used in the body as a lubricant or shock damper. GlycosaminoglycansGAGsmucopolysaccharides is a group in which abnormal accumulations of glucosaminoglycans are produced due to enzyme deficiencies. ContentProduction[]Glycosaminoglycans vary a lot in molecular mass, disastrous construction and sulfation. This is because GAG synthesis is not a template driven as proteins or nucleic acids, but constantly altered by processing enzymes. GAGs are classified into four groups based on nucleus disaccharide structures. / heparanoHS sulfate (GAGs) and / (CSGAGs) are synthesized in the , where the protein cores made in them are modified post-translationally with formation . can modify the kernel proteins through the proteoglycan glucose or link O. The fourth class of GAG, is synthesized by integral membrane syntase that immediately secrete the dynamically elongated disaccharide chain. heparan sulfate HSGAG and CSGAG[]HSGAG and CSGAG proteoglycans modified begin first with a Motive consensus Ser-Gly/Ala-X-Gly in the core protein. The construction of a tetrasaccharide link consisting of -GlcAβ1–3Galβ1–3Galβ1–4Xylβ1-O-(Ser)-, where , β4-galactosyl transferase (GalTI),β3-galactosyl transferase (GalT-II), and β3-GlcA transferase (Glc The addition of a GlcNAc promotes the addition of HSGAGs while the addition of GalNAc to the tetrasaccharide link promotes the development of CSGAG. GlcNAcT-I transfers GlcNAc to the linker tetrasaccahride, which is different from glicotransferase GlcNAcT-II, the enzyme used to build HSGAGs. EXTL2 and EXTL3, two genes in the family of EXT tumor suppressants, have proven to have GlcNAcT-I activity. On the contrary, GalNAc is transferred to the binding by the GalNAcT enzyme to initiate the synthesis of CSGAGs, an enzyme that may or may not have different activity compared to the GalNAc transferase activity of the condroitin synthesis. With respect to HSGAGs, a multi-merica enzyme encoded by EXT1 and EXT2 of the EXT family of genes, it transfers both GlcNAc and GlcA for HSGAG chain elongation. As it is lengthened, the HSGAG is dynamically modified, first by N-deacetillase, N-sulfotransferase (), which is a bifunctional enzyme that hangs the N-acetyl group of GlcNAc and then sulfates the N-position. Then, C-5 coated with uronyl epimerase d-GlcA to l-IdoA followed by 2-O sulfation of uronic acid sugar by sulfotransferase 2-O (). Finally, the positions of 6-O and 3-O of the GlcNAc moities are sulphated by 6-O () and 3-O (3-OST) sulfotransferases. Condroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, which comprise CSGAGs, differentiate between themselves by the presence of GlcA and IdoA epimers respectively. Similar to the production of HSGAGs, C-5 uronyl epimerase converts d-GlcA to l-IdoA to synthesize dermatan sulfate. Three CSGAG chain sulfation events occur: 4-O and/or 6-O GalNAc sulfation and 2-O uronic acid sulfation. Four isoforms of the GalNAc 4-O sulfotransfers (C4ST-1, C4ST-2, C4ST-3 and D4ST-1) and three isoforms of the GalNAc 6-O sulfotransfers (C6ST, C6ST-2 and GalNAc4S-6ST) are responsible for the GalNAc sulfation. Keratan sulphate types[]Unlike HSGAGs and CSGAGs, the third class of GAGs, those belonging to types of keratan sulphate, are driven towards biosynthesis through certain protein sequence motives. For example, in the cornea and cartilage, the domain of keratan sulfate consists of a series of repeated hexapeptides tandemly with an E(E/L)PFPS consensus sequence. In addition, for three other sulfated proteoglycans of keratan, , , and mimecan (), the NX(T/S) consensus sequence along with the secondary protein structure was determined to be involved in the extension of N-linked oligosaccharides with keratan sulfate. Keratan sulphate elongation begins at the non-reductive ends of three oligosaccharides of liaison, which define the three kinds of keratan sulphate. Keratan sulfate I (KSI) is N-linked via high oligosaccharide precursor hose. Keratan II sulfate (KSII) and Keratan III sulfate (KSIII) are connected to O, with KSII links identical to those of the basic structure, and KSIII linked to a 2-O mannose. Elongation of the keratan sulfate polymer occurs through the addition of Gal and GlcNAc glycosyltransferase. The addition of the Galactose occurs mainly through β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4Gal-T1), while the enzymes responsible for β-3-Nacetilglucosamine have not been clearly identified. Finally, polymer sulfation occurs in the 6-position of both sugar residues. The enzyme KS-Gal6ST () transfers sulfate groups to the galactose while N-acetylglucosaminyl-6-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST) transfers sulfate groups to GlcNAc terminal in sulfate of keratan. Hyaluronic acid[]The fourth class of GAG, , is not sulfated and is synthesized by three sintetase transmembrane proteins, , and . HA, a linear polysaccharide, is composed of repeating disaccharide units of →4)GlcAβ(1→3)GlcNAcβ(1→ and has a very high molecular mass, from 105 to 107. Each HAS enzyme is capable of transglicosis when supplied with UDP-GlcA and UDP-GlcNAc. HAS2 is responsible for very large hyaluronic acid polymers, while smaller HA sizes are synthesized by HAS1 and HAS3. While each HAS isoform catalyzes the same biosynthetic reaction, each HAS isoform is independently active. The HAS isoforms have also proven to have different Km values for UDP-GlcA and UDPGlcNAc. It is believed that through the differences of enzyme activity and expression, the wide spectrum of biological functions mediated by the HA can be regulated, such as its participation in regulation in the subgranular zone of the brain. Function[] CSGAG interacts with heparin binding proteins, specifically sulfate dermatan interactions with FGF-2 fibroblast growth factor and FGF-7 have been involved in cell proliferation and wound repair while interactions with hepatic growth factor/stage factor (HGF/SF) activate the HGF/SF signaling pathway () through its receptor. CASGAGs are important to provide support and adhesiveness in bone, skin and cartilage. Other biological functions known to the CSGAG to perform critical functions include inhibition of growth and axonal regeneration in the development of CNS, roles in brain development, neuritógen activity and pathogenic infection. Dermatan sulfates Sulphates dermatanDermatan sulfates work on the skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves. Classification[ ] The members of the glycosaminoglican family vary in the type of hexosamine, hexosa, or hexuronic acid unit they contain (e.g., , , , ). They also vary in the geometry of the . Examples of GAG are: Name Hexuronic acid orhexose (for keratan) Hexosamine Geometry of linkage between predominant monomeric units Unique features GlcUA orGlcUA(2S) GalNAc orGalNAc(4S) orGalNAc(6S) orGalNAc(4S,6S) GlcUAβ(1→3)GalNAcβ(1→4) Most prevalent GAG GlcUA orIdoUA(2S) GalNAc orGalNAc(4S) orGalNAc(6S) orGalNAc(4S,6S) 'IdoUAβ1-3'GalNAcβ1-4 Distinguished condroitin sulfate by the presence of , although some hexuronic acid monosaccharides may be . Gal orGal(6S) GlcNAc orGlcNAc(6S) -Gal(6S)β1-4GlcNAc(6S)β1-3 The Keratan type II sulfate can be. GlcUA orIdoUA(2S) GlcNAc orGlcNS orGlcNAc(6S) orGlcNS(6S) -IdoUA(2S)α1-4GlcNS(6S)α1-4 Higher negative load density of any known biological molecule GlcUA orIdoUA(2S) GlcNAc orGlcNS orGlcNAc(6S) orGlcNS(6S) -GlcUAβ1-4GlcNAcα1-4 Very similar in the structure to the heparin, however the heparan sulfate detached units are organized in different sulphate domains and not sulfated. GlcUA GlcNAc -GlcUAβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-4 The only GAG that is not exclusive ########################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################## Geometry Upstairs 7 Multiple Other Upstairs 7 Other : Unsulfated, extracellular Sulfated, extracellular Sulfated, intracellular Synthetic Navigation menu Personal tools Named spaces Variants Views More Search Navigation Contributed Tools Printing/exporting Other projects Languages

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